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For the purposes of this Convention, the term “permanent establishment” means a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on.

A building site or construction or installation project constitutes a permanent establishment only if it lasts more than twelve months.

Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, an enterprise of a Contracting State which carries on activities in the territorial sea of the other Contracting State or in any area beyond and adjacent to its territorial sea within which that other Contracting State, in accordance with international law, exercises jurisdiction or sovereign rights (offshore activities), shall be deemed to carry on, in respect of those activities, business in that other State through a permanent establishment situated therein, unless the activities in question are carried on in the other State for a period or periods of less than in the aggregate 30 days in any twelve month period.

For the purpose of paragraph 4, the term “offshore activities” shall be deemed not to include:
- a)one or any combination of the activities mentioned in paragraph 7;
- b)towing or anchor handling by ships primarily designed for that purpose and any other activities performed by such ships;
- c)the transport of supplies or personnel by ships or aircraft in international traffic.

For the sole purpose of determining the duration of offshore activities under paragraph 4, where an enterprise of a Contracting State carries on offshore activities in the other Contracting State and connected activities are carried on in that State by one or more enterprises closely related to the first-mentioned enterprise, the periods of time during which such connected activities are carried on by those enterprises shall be added to the period of time during which the first-mentioned enterprise has carried on offshore activities in that other Contracting State.

Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, the term “permanent establishment” shall be deemed not to include:
- a)the use of facilities solely for the purpose of storage, display or delivery of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise;
- b)the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of storage, display or delivery;
- c)the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of processing by another enterprise;
- d)the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of purchasing goods or merchandise or of collecting information, for the enterprise;
- e)the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of carrying on, for the enterprise, any other activity;
- f)the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for any combination of activities mentioned in subparagraphs a) to e);
provided that such activity or, in the case of subparagraph f), the overall activity of the fixed place of business, is of a preparatory or auxiliary character.

Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1, 2 and 4, but subject to the provisions of paragraph 9, where a person is acting in a Contracting State on behalf of an enterprise and in doing so, habitually concludes contracts, or habitually plays the principal role leading to the conclusion of contracts that are routinely concluded without material modification by the enterprise, and these contracts are
- a)in the name of the enterprise, or
- b)for the transfer of the ownership of, or for the granting of the right to use, property owned by that enterprise or that the enterprise has the right to use, or
- c)for the provision of services by that enterprise,
that enterprise shall be deemed to have a permanent establishment in that State in respect of any activities which that person undertakes for the enterprise, unless the activities of such person are limited to those mentioned in paragraph 7 which, if exercised through a fixed place of business, would not make this fixed place of business a permanent establishment under the provisions of that paragraph.

Paragraph 8 shall not apply where the person acting in a Contracting State on behalf of an enterprise of the other Contracting State carries on business in the first-mentioned State as an independent agent and acts for the enterprise in the ordinary course of that business. Where, however, a person acts exclusively or almost exclusively on behalf of one or more enterprises to which it is closely related, that person shall not be considered to be an independent agent within the meaning of this paragraph with respect to any such enterprise.

The fact that a company which is a resident of a Contracting State controls or is controlled by a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State, or which carries on business in that other State (whether through a permanent establishment or otherwise), shall not of itself constitute either company a permanent establishment of the other.

For the purposes of this Article, a person is closely related to an enterprise if, based on all the relevant facts and circumstances, one has control of the other or both are under the control of the same persons or enterprises. In any case, a person shall be considered to be closely related to an enterprise if one possesses directly or indirectly more than 50 per cent of the beneficial interest in the other (or, in the case of a company, more than 50 per cent of the aggregate vote and value of the company’s shares or of the beneficial equity interest in the company) or if another person possesses directly or indirectly more than 50 per cent of the beneficial interest (or, in the case of a company, more than 50 per cent of the aggregate vote and value of the company’s shares or of the beneficial equity interest in the company) in the person and the enterprise.

Article 5 Permanent establishment